This paper analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of population movement in the process of urbanization in Karst regions with the case of Guiyang, China. In general, Karst regions are relatively behind in industrialization and economic development due to geographical reasons. Meanwhile, with the continuous implementation of China's new western development strategy and the rapid progress of urbanization, Guiyang is one of the key development cities and rapid economic growth areas in western China. Therefore, exploring the spatial pattern and influencing factors of the floating population in Guiyang has important implications in studying the urbanization spatial pattern and urbanization process in western China. It also has a very important significance in improving the development imbalance that currently appears in the entire urbanization process of China. Given these circumstances, this paper analyzed the cross section information of the Guiyang region in the three periods of 2000, 2010 and 2020 to obtain the overall Morans'I value of the floating population density distribution by region, and from the perspective of the changing trend of the floating population, the population density distribution phenomenon and the temporal and spatial change characteristics of the floating population in the process of urbanization were analyzed. Finally, through analysis and research on urbanization spatial patterns and processes in Guiyang, factors affecting population movement in the process of urbanization in Karst regions such as Guiyang were analyzed.